[TASK] Extend testing range to PHP8.2 with more dbms versions

doctrine/dbal 2.x version has reached EOL, which means that
there will be no new version in this version range. Sadly,
doctrine/dbal triggers a deprecation warning in PHP8.2 which
will not be fixed upstream.

Raising that dependency is out of the scope for TYPO3 v11. This
issue is mitigated by adding the well-known composer dependency
`cweagans/composer-patches` as dev dependency. Additionally, a
corresponding composer patch targeting the PHP8.2 variable
interpolation deprecation warning is applied in CI for testing
purpose.

UpgradeCest acceptance tests is adjusted to execute some steps
only for appropriate dbms/drivers, as they are not targeting the
newer versions.

This change:
* Adds composer patcher `cweagans/composer-patches`
* Adds composer patch for doctrine/dbal variable
  interpolation issue in postgres platform class
* re-arranging pre-merge and nightly tests
* Ensures to execute some acceptance and functional
  tests against MariaDB...