[TASK] Enable PHP 8.2 unit testing in CI

Add CI unit testing setup with PHP 8.2 in
pre-merge and nightly "locked" builds: Nightly
"max" and "min" builds are blocked by prophecy
for now.

Resolves: #98030
Releases: main, 11.5
Change-Id: Ia6814465ade7efd33eaafe9850aa62d2e907ec21
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/75298


Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Tested-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Tested-by: Christian Kuhn <lolli@schwarzbu.ch>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Reviewed-by: Christian Kuhn <lolli@schwarzbu.ch>