[TASK] Update core-testing-phpXY images version

New `core-testing-phpXY` images has been build
and released.

This change update used image version to:

* core-testing-php81:2.8 - php 8.1.26 (patchlevel)
* core-testing-php82:1.7 - php 8.2.13 (patchlevel)
* core-testing-php83:1.8 - php 8.3.0  (major)

[1] https://git.typo3.org/typo3/CI/testing-infrastructure/-/commit/6ead80df3d46bf1f0c2363e8728435b2d2363fba

Resolves: #102575
Releases: main, 12.4, 11.5
Change-Id: I85a8b0a97d63fea01c790fd9c7ab5d51536a21b1
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/82052


Reviewed-by: Christian Kuhn <lolli@schwarzbu.ch>
Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Tested-by: Christian Kuhn <lolli@schwarzbu.ch>
Tested-by: Garvin Hicking <gh@faktor-e.de>
Reviewed-by: Benjamin Franzke <ben@bnf.dev>
Tested-by: Benjamin Franzke <ben@bnf.dev>
Tested-by: Oliver Bartsch <bo@cedev.de>
Reviewed-by: Garvin Hicking <gh@faktor-e.de>
Reviewed-by: Oliver Bartsch <bo@cedev.de>