[BUGFIX] Circumvent possible race condition in cache retrieval

To circumvent race conditions where the cache is removed between
`has()` and `require()` invocations, the return value of the
cache result needs to be verified, as `false` is returned if
the cache entry is not available.

Resolves: #103720
Releases: main, 12.4
Change-Id: Iefede04108d3adf9bd6c77cb0600cdc994f6d0fa
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/84216


Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Tested-by: Benjamin Franzke <ben@bnf.dev>
Reviewed-by: Benjamin Franzke <ben@bnf.dev>