[TASK] Update PHP dependencies

This change updates the main TYPO3 code base
vendor/ directory to lock to latest packages
from our main dependencies, ready for the next
v12.x release, so the "non-composer mode"
has various updated dependencies shipped.

Used commands:
  composer update "symfony/*" "doctrine/*" "psr/*" "firebase/php-jwt" "bacon/bacon-qr-code" -W

Resolves: #99831
Releases: main, 11.5
Change-Id: If208b89062dab7dac98b140fe6e16a545bf9226f
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/77703


Reviewed-by: Benni Mack <benni@typo3.org>
Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Tested-by: Benni Mack <benni@typo3.org>