[BUGFIX] Reintroduce Extbase referring argument handling

Change https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/61223 (v10 only)
modified Extbase referring argument handling.

This change reintroduces `$internalArguments['__referrer']['arguments']`
to be used when redirecting back to original request action in case some
validation errors occurred - otherwise those arguments are lost.

This basically reverts commit 19b5ee0f
(adjusted for code clean up and refactorings that happened in between)

Resolves: #89434
Releases: master
Change-Id: Id83f38d20ecd482b517c37c4244d871a40ff0a89
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/63152


Tested-by: TYPO3com <noreply@typo3.com>
Tested-by: Torben Hansen <derhansen@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Alexander Schnitzler <git@alexanderschnitzler.de>
Reviewed-by: Torben Hansen <derhansen@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Schnitzler <git@alexanderschnitzler.de>