[BUGFIX] Mark scheduler tasks as executed on PHP-level errors

The scheduler now catches any error implementing the `\Throwable`
interface thrown by a task to be able to mark such task as executed.

Resolves: #87502
Releases: master, 9.5, 8.7
Change-Id: I1f1bebee922c864ce8d7bfc3f0aa6e9434228e98
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/59504


Tested-by: TYPO3com <noreply@typo3.com>
Reviewed-by: Susanne Moog <susanne.moog@typo3.org>
Tested-by: Susanne Moog <susanne.moog@typo3.org>
Reviewed-by: Anja Leichsenring <aleichsenring@ab-softlab.de>
Tested-by: Anja Leichsenring <aleichsenring@ab-softlab.de>