[BUGFIX] Use defaultScheme setting instead of hard-coded 'http'

Several places in the TYPO3 core fall back to using 'http' as
protocol for links in case none was given. In order to adjust this
behavior new $GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['defaultScheme']
setting has been introduced, which uses 'http' as default.

In order to adjust the default protocol, one has to add the following
assignment to their LocalConfiguration.php settings:

$GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['defaultScheme'] = 'https'

Resolves: #97111
Releases: main, 11.5
Change-Id: I8c86a3b98dfdfef96c6e433de28e24c1af7f27ab
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/73867


Reviewed-by: Oliver Klee <typo3-coding@oliverklee.de>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Reviewed-by: Nikita Hovratov <nikita.h@live.de>
Tested-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Tested-by: Nikita Hovratov <nikita.h@live.de>