[BUGFIX] Reduce size of prepared statements in DatabaseIntegrityCheck

The code checking for missing relations would perform the query with all
potential missing relation uids for a given table, which, given a large
enough table, would exceed the prepared statement placeholder limit for
the database connection.

This commit makes the relevant function process the checked relation
uids in chunks no larger than the placeholder limit.

Resolves: #100894
Releases: main, 12.4
Change-Id: Ie2202a7555d39bd31ac9d4ad74c6217f514b5f8c
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/79416


Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Tested-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>