[BUGFIX] Circumvent possible race condition in cache retrieval

To circumvent race conditions where the cache is removed between
`has()` and `require()` invocations, the return value of the
cache result needs to be verified, as `false` is returned if
the cache entry is not available.

Resolves: #103720
Releases: main, 12.4
Change-Id: Iefede04108d3adf9bd6c77cb0600cdc994f6d0fa
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/84016


Reviewed-by: Nikita Hovratov <nikita.h@live.de>
Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Reviewed-by: Oliver Klee <typo3-coding@oliverklee.de>
Tested-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Reviewed-by: Benjamin Franzke <ben@bnf.dev>
Tested-by: Benjamin Franzke <ben@bnf.dev>