[BUGFIX] Catch invalid link formats in backend and frontend

Links with an invalid syntax or not supported type must not lead to
exceptions for an editor or users.

Resolves: #87792
Releases: master
Change-Id: Ica0791e3400d5aff18ecc25a2e8d57edf55af40c
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/63942


Tested-by: TYPO3com <noreply@typo3.com>
Tested-by: Daniel Goerz <daniel.goerz@posteo.de>
Tested-by: Susanne Moog <look@susi.dev>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Goerz <daniel.goerz@posteo.de>
Reviewed-by: Susanne Moog <look@susi.dev>