[BUGFIX] Throw correct Exceptions everywhere

Improve the way, TYPO3 is throwing Exceptions:

* Add a unique error code to all Exception($msg, $code) calls
* Replace die() statements with Exceptions, if possible
* Replace some general Exceptions with RuntimeException or ArgumentException.

Change-Id: Ic148f14b9a71136c917e9dc8b95513341b3c6ca0
Resolves: #M16953
Reviewed-on: http://review.typo3.org/1079


Reviewed-by: Andreas Wolf <andreas.wolf@ikt-werk.de>
Tested-by: Andreas Wolf <andreas.wolf@ikt-werk.de>
Reviewed-by: Steffen Ritter <info@rs-websystems.de>