[BUGFIX] Use late static binding return type for Enumeration::cast

The return type annotation must be `static` instead of `self` as the
method returns an instance of the inheriting class.

Do also replace some occurrences of get_calling_class()
by static::class

Resolves: #88587
Releases: master, 9.5, 8.7
Change-Id: Ib14d016ef733b94ed5a732ed36af8fcfcdee149b
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/61086


Tested-by: TYPO3com <noreply@typo3.com>
Tested-by: Alexander Schnitzler <review.typo3.org@alexanderschnitzler.de>
Tested-by: Benni Mack <benni@typo3.org>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Schnitzler <review.typo3.org@alexanderschnitzler.de>
Reviewed-by: Oliver Klee <typo3-coding@oliverklee.de>
Reviewed-by: Oliver Hader <oliver.hader@typo3.org>
Reviewed-by: Benni Mack <benni@typo3.org>