[TASK] Align SystemEnvironment checks to changed requirements

Core requirements have been changed and publicly announced with:
https://typo3.org/article/new-system-requirements-for-upcoming-typo3-v12

This patch aligns the checks and reports on several places in the
backend and ext:install to match the changed requirements, and
further handle version checks for MySQL and MariaDB separately.

Included tasks:

* check for MySQL version 8.0.0 or newer
* check for MariaDB version 10.3.0 or newer
* check for PostgreSQL version 10.0 or newer
* removed Microsoft SQL Server checks and reports
* adjusted PHP Version check 8.1.0 or newer

Further removal of Microsoft SQL Server will be done in a
dedicated patch.

Resolves: #97411
Related: #96553
Releases: main
Change-Id: Ia97ab2c884741b565f6e368e9bb6acf56abd653c
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/74323


Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Tested-by: Nikita Hovratov <nikita.h@live.de>
Tested-by: Christian Kuhn <lolli@schwarzbu.ch>
Tested-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Reviewed-by: Nikita Hovratov <nikita.h@live.de>
Reviewed-by: Christian Kuhn <lolli@schwarzbu.ch>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>