[TASK] Harden array callbacks in EXT:core, part 3

Add native type declarations and first-class callables for improved
type safety and readability. Also make some callbacks static for
improved performance.

Resolves: #102722
Releases: main
Change-Id: Icd7d4e5881cd859ec8342266cd7d49b65654dc06
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/82281


Tested-by: Benni Mack <benni@typo3.org>
Reviewed-by: Simon Schaufelberger <simonschaufi+typo3@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Tested-by: Simon Schaufelberger <simonschaufi+typo3@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Reviewed-by: Benni Mack <benni@typo3.org>
Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>