[TASK] Upgrade to firebase/php-jwt v6.3.1 (PHP 8.2)

Corresponding work-arounds to suppress deprecation errors
when invoking `firebase/php-jwt` have been removed.

Executed commands:
composer req firebase/php-jwt:^6.3.1
composer req firebase/php-jwt:^6.3.1 -d typo3/sysext/core --no-update

Resolves: #98965
Releases: main
Change-Id: I785b32d26b7a074ebece7f402f24a9f42a18218c
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/76378


Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Tested-by: Benni Mack <benni@typo3.org>
Tested-by: Christian Kuhn <lolli@schwarzbu.ch>
Tested-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Tested-by: Oliver Hader <oliver.hader@typo3.org>
Reviewed-by: Oliver Klee <typo3-coding@oliverklee.de>
Reviewed-by: Benni Mack <benni@typo3.org>
Reviewed-by: Christian Kuhn <lolli@schwarzbu.ch>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Reviewed-by: Oliver Hader <oliver.hader@typo3.org>