[TASK] Modernize ext:core ext_tables.sql AST classes

Classes in TYPO3\CMS\Core\Database\Schema\Parser\AST
are intermediate DTO's created by the ext_tables.sql
parser to transfer them into doctrine objects.

They are modernized with more type hints and
constructor property promotion to be more
reliable with upcoming refactorings.

Resolves: #101642
Related: #101553
Releases: main
Change-Id: Ia9290b5ea4c35020f3d5b82b7cb4b5d722360e76
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/80498


Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Tested-by: Oliver Klee <typo3-coding@oliverklee.de>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Fernandez <a.fernandez@scripting-base.de>
Reviewed-by: Anja Leichsenring <aleichsenring@ab-softlab.de>
Tested-by: Andreas Fernandez <a.fernandez@scripting-base.de>
Tested-by: Anja Leichsenring <aleichsenring@ab-softlab.de>