[TASK] Modernize cache framework unit tests

* Less mocking
* Don't test AbstractFrontend but implementations
* Turn test-internal loops into data providers
* General cleanup
* Avoid phpunit 11 deprecations

Resolves: #103214
Releases: main
Change-Id: I87851d7ba6332161dc387bc6a5aea9661703428b
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/83147


Tested-by: Anja Leichsenring <aleichsenring@ab-softlab.de>
Tested-by: Oliver Klee <typo3-coding@oliverklee.de>
Tested-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Tested-by: Christian Kuhn <lolli@schwarzbu.ch>
Reviewed-by: Christian Kuhn <lolli@schwarzbu.ch>
Reviewed-by: Anja Leichsenring <aleichsenring@ab-softlab.de>
Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Reviewed-by: Oliver Klee <typo3-coding@oliverklee.de>