[TASK] Update core-testing-phpXY images version

New `core-testing-phpXY` images has been build
and released. [1]

This change update used image version to:

* core-testing-php81:2.9 - php 8.1.27 (patchlevel)
* core-testing-php82:1.8 - php 8.2.14 (patchlevel)
* core-testing-php83:1.9 - php 8.3.1  (patchlevel)

[1] https://git.typo3.org/typo3/CI/testing-infrastructure/-/commit/11f78ce2ac1f38355fdb7d59e1472e62a02ba894

Resolves: #102729
Releases: main, 12.4, 11.5
Change-Id: I991061445e28a358c1aeadebf3213d87394d04ad
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/82250


Tested-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Reviewed-by: Stefan Bürk <stefan@buerk.tech>
Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>