[TASK] Convert TableColumnType to backed enum

This change converts class TableColumnType to a native,
backed enum.

Releases: main
Resolves: #100220
Change-Id: Ic2a421695cb4099911404b58856d159a2bb981e3
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/c/Packages/TYPO3.CMS/+/78173


Tested-by: Benni Mack <benni@typo3.org>
Tested-by: Oliver Klee <typo3-coding@oliverklee.de>
Reviewed-by: Benni Mack <benni@typo3.org>
Tested-by: core-ci <typo3@b13.com>
Reviewed-by: Oliver Klee <typo3-coding@oliverklee.de>